Problems and solutions of air pollution

Problems and solutions of air pollution

Air pollution is caused by a mixture of dust particles in the atmosphere, various harmful gases, mineral particles from industry and radioactive rays from nuclear reactors.

Three hundred years ago today, scientist John Evelyn said that excessive use of coal would cause air pollution, death from respiratory diseases, dust, falling from the atmosphere, friction on any object, and loss of solar energy due to clouds of black smoke. Were pointed out.

This has become a major theme of study in the twentieth century, and its effects have been abundant. Today, even at the beginning of the 21st century, its study is needed. The effects of air pollution were first seen in the 1930's in the Mum Valley, Belgium. Kumas was then spotted on the Manokahila River in Panu Slovenia, USA in 1942 in London in 1952. All of these types of air pollution killed people. Air pollution is also said to have affected the ozone layer about 60 kilometers above the earth's surface.

Noise pollution is the production of sound waves faster than the normal ear's ability to hear. The famous scholar Mahara Mathur has defined it in this way. According to him, noise pollution is depriving people of their right to live in peace. The major causes of noise pollution are various types of factories, aircraft flying, nuclear explosions, explosions in development works, unintentional man-made sounds, uncontrolled songs and music etc.

In fact, only 30 decibels of sound is considered sufficient for normal human behavior. Our ears have a maximum hearing capacity of 65 decibels, but scientists have considered 45 decibels of sound as the standard.

Smoke from carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides and other gases emitted from the chimneys and motors of large industries and factories built in an effort to develop and industrialize has begun to cover the atmosphere. These gases pollute and poison the air. At the same time, together with the dust particles in the atmosphere, these fumes cover the blue sky invisibly. Then hydrocarbons and nitroxides are released into the atmosphere.

And when aldamibile rays are present, nitroxide and hydrocarbons combine to form a kind of ozone and a poisonous gas called peroxyacetyl nitrate, which irritates and burns our eyes. This poisonous gas causes pain in our eyes, burns as well as difficulty in breathing, sore throat, etc. Pneumoconiosis also spreads and worsens asthma, bronchitis, colds, cancer, silicosis and other skin diseases.

Although air pollution is evident especially from the black smoke from industries, its sources include minerals, stone quarries, cement industry, oil refineries, fertilizer industry, automobiles, coal mines, firewood, etc. Dust from various economic and social activities has serious effects on public health from asbestos, lead dust, manganese dust, radiation, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide nitrogen oxide, hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons etc.

It is estimated that only 80 percent of carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere by automobiles. In 1861, Jan Tiddle, a naturalist, first reported carbon dioxide-related greenhouse cactus. According to this effect, carbon dioxide is transparent to the radiation of the sun (radiaran), that is, the radiation called aldabyte and efflorescence carbs carbon dioxide to the earth.

Second, carbon dioxide is opaque to other thermal radiations and absorbs the earth's heat. The effect of carbon dioxide is called 'greenhouse effect'. Although air pollution in Nepal is very low compared to other developed countries, the situation is getting worse day by day due to unmanaged urbanization and industrialization efforts. According to scholars, our body consumes an average of 13,638 liters of pure air per day. It is said that there should be pure air molecules. In such a case, it is conceivable that we should have the quality of our air.

Due to natural and human factors, the impact of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley is more than other cities. Due to the topography of Kachaura, air pollutants accumulated in the valley cannot be easily carried out by the wind. This problem is exacerbated during the winter months, when at night and in the morning the surface of the valley is covered with a layer of cold air, which is covered by another layer of hot air like a lid. This is called inversion in scientific language.

Due to this, pollutants stay close to the ground surface in winter and air pollution increases drastically. Another reason for the high air pollution is the altitude. Vehicles in the Kathmandu Valley, located at an altitude of 1,300 meters to 1,350 meters, generally emit more smoke than other low-lying areas. The weather in Kathmandu is also helping to increase air pollution. Rain washes away pollutants in the air.

But in Kathmandu, it rains only for about three months, so air pollution tends to increase when there is no rain. The population of the Kathmandu Valley is increasing rapidly as there are more opportunities for education, health and employment in Kathmandu. Currently, there are about 1.8 million people living in the Kathmandu Valley, of which about two-thirds live in urban areas. Its population growth rate (4.83 percent per annum) is double that of the country as a whole (2.27 percent).

Due to this, uncontrolled urbanization and increasing traffic congestion. Compared to the World Bank's 1992 study by the then Ministry of Population and Environment in 2001, the amount of PM-10 emitted from vehicle fumes has more than quadrupled in the last eight years. According to the Ministry of Population and Environment, about 43 percent of the total PM-10 currently in the air in the valley is released into the air due to vehicles.

Smoke from diesel-powered vehicles is extremely dangerous. This smoke is made up of fine dust particles and about 90 percent of these particles are more than 1 micron fine. Diesel smoke contains 100 times more dust particles than gasoline smoke. These dust particles can cause lung cancer in humans.

In 1997, Japanese scientists discovered that the most dangerous of all the chemicals that can cause cancer is the smoke from diesel. According to the quality of the ambient air in Kathmandu, apart from the total suspended particles and particulate matter of 10 microns, other basic pollutants are within the criteria set by the World Health Organization.

According to the data on the total suspended particles in the atmosphere of the valley, there is more pollution in winter than during the rainy season. Industries also play an important role in causing air pollution. According to an industrial pollution survey conducted by the Industrial Pollution Control and Management Project, a total of 3,156 air-polluting industries emit a total of 76,400 tonnes of suspended particles annually. (Devkota and Neupane, 1994).

Generally, a total of 104 tons of suspended particles of medium and large industries are thrown into the atmosphere of Kathmandu Valley daily. According to another study by the project, up to 10 percent of industrial resources have been lost through boilers that use liquid fuels through the top of the chimney.

According to the World Health Organization, New Delhi, the capital of India, is the most polluted city in the world. A survey of 1,600 cities in 11 countries found high levels of PM2.5 in the air in Delhi. In Delhi, it is 143 micrograms per cubic meter. This new report is called Ambient Air Pollution. The report details the state and impact of air pollution in 1,500 countries.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed concern over the rising level of 2.5 PM, saying that the concentration of PM 2.5 should not exceed 10 micrograms per cubic meter. Even the most densely populated cities in Asia have relatively low air pollution. PM 2.5 in Karachi, Pakistan has 117 micrograms per cubic meter, while in the Chinese capital Beijing it is 56 and in Shanghai it is 36. The report clearly warns that diseases could spread in Delhi if necessary steps are not taken immediately to reduce pollution.

New WHO report warns of healthcare in India Many deaths in India are due to air pollution. Tiny particles get into our lungs and cause heart problems. It can even cause lung cancer. He said air pollution was on the rise due to high pressure from coal-fired power plants and private vehicles.

A sum of Rs 4.3 million has been spent on road expansion in the Kathmandu Valley. Construction businessmen are responsible for controlling the negative environmental impact during construction, but the road expansion project has paid extra to the contractor in the name of dust. It is seen that 51.5 percent variation order of Nepal Adarsh ​​Nirman Company has been approved for the Thir Bam Marg road which is estimated to cost Rs. 61.3 million.

Out of this, the contract amount of Rs. 43.87 million had reached Rs. 67.1 million. Rule 43 of the Public Procurement Rules, 2064 provides that if there is any environmental impact during the construction process, the details of the bidding documents and the criteria to be adopted for the control should be mentioned.

Generally, the condition of the air quality index from zero to 50 is considered good, but in Biratnagar, the air quality index has been above 200 for the last one week. Environmentalists say that an air quality index of more than 100 should be taken as a sign of danger.

Ram Chandra Adhikari, an environmental researcher and associate professor at the Postgraduate Campus, Biratnagar, says that the particles in the air will thicken and turn into dust when there is no cold wave and no rain.

Although the effects of air pollution on human health are not immediate, in the long run it can lead to lung, heart and respiratory problems, as well as heart attacks, according to the Associate Professor. Equipment has been installed at Mahendra Morang Adarsh ​​Multipurpose Campus for measuring air pollution. Details of the Biratnagar Municipal Corporation Ward no. Anita Neupane, an official of the environment branch of the metropolis said,

The quality of air in the valley is extremely dangerous to human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has said that an air quality index (AQI) of more than 300 is fatal. The highest AQI in the Kathmandu Valley on Friday was 314 in Bhansepati. Experts urge people to be aware of this, as it can lead to long-term health problems, not just immediate ones. Physicians say that the pollution caused by the smoke from the fire affects all parts of the body.

The Ministry of Forest and Environment has stated that the air quality in the valley will not improve in a few days. Dust mites entering the body through the nose and mouth can cause problems. Large particles get stuck in the nose and throat. The tiny particles reach the lungs. It immediately affects people suffering from colds, allergies, nausea, asthma, tuberculosis and heart disease. Problems with dryness and itching of the skin appear.

Environmental sanitation studies the interrelationships between humans, animals and plants, as well as its importance to human health. Explains the ways in which water, air, soil, etc. are polluted, diseases caused by pollution, etc., and how to prevent them in time.

Explains occupational diseases and ways to prevent them. Explains food hygiene, foodborne illnesses, and ways to prevent them. Solid waste includes waste, dust, ashes, leftover food, broken glass, street rubbish, garden rubbish, vegetable scraps, bricks, dead animals, and so on.

However, human defecation does not occur under garbage.

Organic waste carbon products such as paper, leaf litter, cloth, plastic, wood, food, vegetables, etc. Such objects rot and decompose. Therefore, such garbage can be disposed of by placing or burying it away from human settlements. Inorganic waste products that do not contain carbon are inorganic. Such as: iron, tin, glass, glass etc. Garbage from such items cannot be burned and will not rot.

If the metal objects can be reused after being collected separately, the glass pieces should be carefully disposed of. Garbage and environmental pollution are as closely related as two sides of the same coin.

There are countless microbes on this earth, not just humans. Some bacteria can be seen with a microscope, while others cannot be seen with this device. These bacteria belong to the bacterial and fungal family. We take the garbage out of the house, in the chowk, on the road or at the crossroads. The concerned bodies take it to the nearby water bodies, river banks and ponds. In this way, the germs of these infectious diseases live in the vegetables, food and other organic wastes that we throw away, and their numbers increase and spread in the air and water.

And from the food we eat, the water we drink, and the air we breathe, these germs enter the body and spread epidemics, such as typhoid, diarrhea, measles, and gonorrhea. Atmospheric conditions in which a lot of foul-smelling garbage and infectious germs are spread is called environmental pollution. As the root cause of environmental pollution is mismanagement of garbage, there is a close relationship between garbage and environmental pollution. B.Sc. in Nepal. Prior to 2007, garbage was managed locally in urban areas including Kathmandu Valley and it was used as organic manure.

Significant changes in both the quantity and nature of the garbage produced over time led to an increase in the tendency to accumulate garbage in the open. This habit is increasingly seen in municipalities. Today, industrial and domestic waste management has become a topic of great interest in Nepal's urban areas. The Garbage Management and Resource Mobilization Center, set up in the Kathmandu Valley in the mid-1980s with the help of the German government, was responsible for collecting garbage, sorting it at the relocation center and dumping it at the Gokarna landfill site.

Currently, local bodies are collecting, transporting and disposing of garbage through institutional efforts. However, garbage management is still a major problem in the Kathmandu Valley.

Keeping in view the important issue of achieving the goals of macro development by adapting to the effects of climate protection and climate change, Nepal has ratified and incorporated international conventions and treaties in the region and has set up national policies, laws and institutional mechanisms accordingly. The concept of green development has been adopted to reduce the impact on the environment and climate change.

Efforts are being made by governmental and national / international organizations for strategic programs for national and local adaptation, initiation of carbon trading, internalization and addressing of issues of environmental sensitivity.

In addition, for the first time in Nepal, a climate change budget signal has been provided to assess public spending on climate change. In order to implement the national adaptation program, the local adaptation program is being promoted.

During the three year plan period, monitoring and management of implementation of environmental regulations, guidelines and standards, environmental testing, climate change adaptation and impact mitigation, technology development and technology transfer programs, environmental awareness raising and promotion programs, implementation of international treaties and conventions on environment and climate change. Has been Also, work related to safe management of longevity pesticides has been completed.

By ratifying the treaties and conventions related to environment, programs have been implemented to implement environmental protection and sustainable development in Nepal. Efforts have been made to institutionalize environmental impact assessment while linking environmental management with development work. Air quality standards and Nepal vehicle pollution standards have been determined and implemented. The implementation process of the Convention on Biological Diversity has also begun.

Work has been done regularly to develop infrastructure related to environment and climate change. The Department of Environment has been formed for the promotion of environment protection, raising public awareness and maintaining good environmental governance. The environmental monitoring, inspection and reporting system is expected to be further streamlined after the establishment of the department. The National Adaptation Action Plan is being prepared and implemented to minimize the adverse effects of climate change.

In the process of implementing the national adaptation program at the local level, local adaptation action plans are being formulated in 69 Village Development Committees of 14 districts in the Midwest and Far West and in one municipality. From the development of clean energy, Nepal has started earning income from carbon trading under the Kyoto Protocol. Work is also being done to adopt the concept of green economy and formulate low carbon emission development strategy. Nepal has received the Global Leadership Award from the United Nations system for evaluating its policy achievements in the field of climate change.

Rising temperatures due to climate change will increase the risk of glaciers melting, the risk of glaciers erupting, climate change will adversely affect agriculture, depletion of biodiversity, adverse effects on public health, food security, natural disasters, and development infrastructure. Problems such as inability to increase adaptability are seen in this area.

Adapting to the effects of climate change, maintaining environmental adaptation, reducing emissions from industrial and other human activities, preventing deforestation due to poverty and other causes, increasing access to climate finance and conducting result-oriented programs, incorporating climate finance into the national budget system. The major challenges in this sector are growth, internalization of climate change programs at the grassroots level and establishing a common voice of countries at risk from climate change like Nepal in international fora on climate change.

In the current Fifteenth Five Year Plan (2076-2077-2080-2081), the effects of climate change are interrelated under the Environmental Protection and Transport Management Program. Approving and incorporating international conventions and treaties in the region, national policy, law and institutional mechanisms have been arranged accordingly. The concept of green development has been adopted to reduce the environmental impact and the impact of climate change.

Efforts are being made by governmental and national / international organizations to implement strategic programs for national and local adaptation, initiation of carbon trading, internalization and addressing of issues of environmental sensitivity. In order to ensure investment in the field of climate change, climate change has been implemented by providing budget signals from the last plan period.

The local adaptation program is being implemented in connection with the implementation of the national adaptation program. Efforts have been made to institutionalize environmental impact assessment while linking environmental management with development work. Air quality standards and Nepal vehicle pollution standards have been determined and implemented.

Under the Kyoto Protocol, Nepal has begun to generate revenue from carbon trading. Environmentally friendly local governance program is being implemented in 11 different districts.

Transport services will be streamlined through the use of information and communication technology, procedural improvements and institutional capacity in transport administration will be enhanced, monitoring system will be institutionalized to reduce road accidents, syndicate system will be abolished and overall quality of transport sector will be improved. The role of cost-effective, efficient and reliable transport services is important for the expansion of economic activities.

However, this sector has not been able to become reliable and sustainable due to lack of necessary infrastructure and dependence on imported petroleum products. In the current situation where road transport is completely dependent on fossil fuels, it has become necessary to use vehicles that can be operated from other energy alternatives. At the same time, it is the duty of all those involved in the sector to make the region more organized, dignified and to protect the fundamental right of the citizens to move to any part of the country in an easy way.

Since the expansion of road network and availability of vehicles alone will not make public transport manageable, it is necessary to enhance the institutional capacity of government agencies for universal, quality and environment friendly services as well as make the role of private sector transport operators more responsible and passenger friendly.